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What Is Alcohol Use Disorder?
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a chronic medical condition characterized by an inability to control alcohol consumption despite its negative consequences on physical health, mental well-being, and social functioning. It's a complex disorder influenced by genetic, environmental, and psychological factors, and it can manifest in various degrees of severity.
Definition of Alcohol Use Disorder
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), AUD is diagnosed based on the presence of at least two of the following criteria within a 12-month period:
- Alcohol is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended.
- Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control alcohol use.
- A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain alcohol, use alcohol, or recover from its effects.
- Craving or a strong desire or urge to use alcohol.
- Recurrent alcohol use resulting in failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home.
- Continued alcohol use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of alcohol.
- Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of alcohol use.
- Recurrent alcohol use in situations in which it is physically hazardous.
- Alcohol use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by alcohol.
- Tolerance, as defined by either a need for markedly increased amounts of alcohol to achieve intoxication or desired effect or a markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of alcohol.
- Withdrawal, as manifested by the characteristic withdrawal syndrome for alcohol or drinking to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.
Is AUD the Same Thing as Alcohol Addiction?
While the terms "AUD" and "alcohol addiction" are often used interchangeably, there's a subtle difference in their connotations. AUD encompasses a spectrum of problematic drinking behaviors, ranging from mild to severe, whereas alcohol addiction typically refers to the more severe end of this spectrum where individuals experience physical dependence on alcohol, along with compulsive alcohol-seeking behavior despite adverse consequences.
How Is Alcohol Use Disorder Diagnosed?
Diagnosis of AUD involves a thorough assessment by a healthcare professional, typically a physician or psychiatrist. This assessment may include a physical exam, a detailed medical history, laboratory tests to evaluate organ function, and a psychological evaluation to assess drinking patterns, associated behaviors, and any underlying mental health conditions.
AUD Statistics (How Common Is AUD?)
AUD is a prevalent health concern globally, with significant implications for public health and individual well-being. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), in the United States alone:
- Approximately 14.5 million adults aged 18 and older had AUD in 2019.
- AUD affects people of all ages, genders, races, and socioeconomic backgrounds.
- It's estimated that AUD contributes to over 95,000 deaths annually in the U.S., making it the third leading preventable cause of death in the country.
Why Is Alcohol So Hard to Quit?
Several factors contribute to the difficulty of quitting alcohol, including:
- Physical Dependence: Prolonged alcohol use can lead to physical dependence, characterized by withdrawal symptoms when alcohol consumption is reduced or stopped abruptly. These symptoms can be severe and may include tremors, nausea, anxiety, and even seizures in severe cases.
- Psychological Dependence: In addition to physical dependence, individuals with AUD often experience psychological dependence, wherein alcohol becomes a coping mechanism for managing stress, anxiety, or other emotional issues. Breaking this psychological attachment to alcohol can be challenging.
- Social and Cultural Factors: Alcohol is deeply ingrained in many cultures and societies, often playing a significant role in social gatherings, celebrations, and rituals. This normalization of alcohol consumption can make it difficult for individuals to abstain, as they may face social pressure or feel ostracized for not partaking.
- Neurobiological Changes: Chronic alcohol use can alter brain chemistry, affecting neurotransmitter systems involved in reward, motivation, and impulse control. These neurobiological changes can perpetuate the cycle of addiction and make it harder for individuals to resist cravings and impulses to drink.
In conclusion, Alcohol Use Disorder is a complex and multifaceted condition that requires comprehensive treatment approaches tailored to individual needs. By understanding the nature of AUD, its diagnostic criteria, and the challenges associated with quitting alcohol, we can better support those affected and work towards reducing the burden of this widespread health issue.
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